According to Suad Husnan (2005: 29) securities of a piece of paper that shows the investor the right (ie the party holding the paper) to obtain the wealth of prospects or organization that issued the securities, and a variety of conditions that allow the investor to run its due.
According to SFAS No. 42, shares / securities are securities, namely letters of credit, commercial paper, bonds, proof of debt, and units in collective investment contract.
Stock is one of several options to choose from to invest. By purchasing shares in a company, means we have invested in the hope that the results will benefit from the resale of the shares.
Rabu, 13 April 2011
Understanding Capital Market
According to Suad Husnan (2005: 3) capital market can be defined as the market for various financial instruments (securities), long-term that can be traded, either in the form of debt or equity capital, both issued by the government, and private companies.
In the Indonesian capital market, especially stock markets, there are several institutions involved in stock trading, among others:
1. Stock exchanges, providing market facilities trade.
2. Company Securities (brokerage house), as an intermediary for investors who will do the buying and selling stocks, which also can act as underwriter for a company that will conduct the initial public offering of shares.
3. Custodian Bank, as a storage area or nursery stock / securities owned by customers.
4. Clearing and Settlement, as the party who will take care of settlement (settlement) trade.
In the Indonesian capital market, especially stock markets, there are several institutions involved in stock trading, among others:
1. Stock exchanges, providing market facilities trade.
2. Company Securities (brokerage house), as an intermediary for investors who will do the buying and selling stocks, which also can act as underwriter for a company that will conduct the initial public offering of shares.
3. Custodian Bank, as a storage area or nursery stock / securities owned by customers.
4. Clearing and Settlement, as the party who will take care of settlement (settlement) trade.
Types of Financial Statements
The types of financial statements consist of:
1. Consolidated Balance Sheet
In financial accounting, balance sheet or statement of financial position (balance sheet) is part of the financial statements resulting in an accounting period that shows the financial position at the end of that period. Balance consists of three elements, namely assets, liabilities, and equity.
2. Income Statement
Income statements (Income Statement) is part of the financial statements of a company resulting in an accounting period which outlines the elements of company revenues and expenses resulting in a net profit or loss.
3. Statement of Changes in Equity
In the discussion of financial statements and discussed the balance sheet and income statement and info about this time to discuss the statement of changes in capital accounting. Statement of changes in capital or Statement Of Owners Capital is one of the financial statements that provide information about the causes of increases or reduction in capital during the period specified period. In the statement of changes in capital there are several components including:
a) Initial capital: total funds invested into companies that are used to support the operation of the company at the beginning of the newly established companies or start-up capital position the company in the early months of the year.
b) Profit / loss: The difference between total revenue net of the total cost.
c) Prive: The withdrawal of funds by the owner of the company that used for outside activities / operations that are used for corporate or personal purposes.
d) Capital late: The overall funding is the end result of the addition of the initial capital plus earnings (if you have a profit) or a reduction in initial capital net operating loss (if a loss) is then reduced by the total capital Prive and the results are final.
4. Cash Flow Statement (Cash Flow)
Consolidated cash flow is part of the financial statements of a company resulting in an accounting period that shows the flow of incoming and outgoing money (cash) of the company.
Benefits of cash flow information that is:
a) The cash flow information is useful as an indicator of cash flows in the future, as well as useful to assess the accuracy of estimated cash flows have been made previously.
b) The statements of cash flows also become a tool of accountability cash inflows and outflows during the reporting period.
c) If associated with other financial statements, cash flow statement provides useful information to users in evaluating the changes in net assets / equity funds of a governmental reporting and financial structure (including liquidity and solvency).
Types of Financial Ratios
In general, financial ratios can be classified as follows:
1. Liquidity ratio is the rate the company's ability to meet its obligations that must be met. In other words, liquidity is to show the level of the company's ability to pay short term debts owned (Brealey, Myers, and Marcus, 1995). Some of these ratios, among others, Current Ratio, Cash Ratio, Quick Ratio, Net Working Capital To Total Assets Ratio, and Interval Measure.
2. Leverage ratio (lever) is used to measure the amount of funds for capital investment by business owners in the proposition with funds obtained from the creditors of the company. Some of these ratios is the Debt Ratio, Debt to Equity Ratio, Long Term Debt To Equity Ratio, Debt Coverage Tangible Assets, Interest Coverage, Debt Service Coverage, and Earning variability.
3. Activity ratios are ratios used to measure how effective use of funds owned by the companies concerned (Horne and Wachowicz, 1995). This ratio, among others, Total Operating Assets Turnover, Receivables Turnover, Average Collection Period, Inventory Turnover, Average Day's Inventory, Net Working Capital Turnover, Fixed Assets and Turnover.
4. Profitability Ratio is the ratio used to measure the ability of companies to generate profits for the company. This ratio, among others, Gross Profit Margin, Operating Profit Margin, Operating Ratio, Net Profit Margin, Return On Assets, and Return On Equity.
5. Ratio of Market Value is used to measure the market price relative to book value of the company. This ratio, among others, Earning Per Share (EPS), Book Value per Share (BVS), Devidend Yield and Payout Ratio Devidend.
1. Liquidity ratio is the rate the company's ability to meet its obligations that must be met. In other words, liquidity is to show the level of the company's ability to pay short term debts owned (Brealey, Myers, and Marcus, 1995). Some of these ratios, among others, Current Ratio, Cash Ratio, Quick Ratio, Net Working Capital To Total Assets Ratio, and Interval Measure.
2. Leverage ratio (lever) is used to measure the amount of funds for capital investment by business owners in the proposition with funds obtained from the creditors of the company. Some of these ratios is the Debt Ratio, Debt to Equity Ratio, Long Term Debt To Equity Ratio, Debt Coverage Tangible Assets, Interest Coverage, Debt Service Coverage, and Earning variability.
3. Activity ratios are ratios used to measure how effective use of funds owned by the companies concerned (Horne and Wachowicz, 1995). This ratio, among others, Total Operating Assets Turnover, Receivables Turnover, Average Collection Period, Inventory Turnover, Average Day's Inventory, Net Working Capital Turnover, Fixed Assets and Turnover.
4. Profitability Ratio is the ratio used to measure the ability of companies to generate profits for the company. This ratio, among others, Gross Profit Margin, Operating Profit Margin, Operating Ratio, Net Profit Margin, Return On Assets, and Return On Equity.
5. Ratio of Market Value is used to measure the market price relative to book value of the company. This ratio, among others, Earning Per Share (EPS), Book Value per Share (BVS), Devidend Yield and Payout Ratio Devidend.
Stock Analysis Method
There are several methods of stock analysis that is usually seen as a guide or a guide in stock investing, including:
1. Fundamental Analysis
Technical analysis through the review or study of the relationship or tendency or trend (trend) to be able to give an overview of the financial statements and determining the financial position or results of operations and corporate development.
2. Technical Analysis
In a general sense of technical analysis is a science that studies the movement of a price that is used to predict price movements in the future. This analysis can also be defined as sutau studies that can be used to evaluate and project the price of a stock by studying stock price movements and volumes transacted through the graph (chart).
3. Intuition and experience
The method based solely on a person's beliefs and experiences of investors in analyzing stocks.
Minggu, 10 April 2011
7 Type of Mr. Wonderful Women
7 Type of Mr. Wonderful Women
Have you ever wondered why some men always managed to approach a woman? Apparently the answer is not only the stature six pack, but there are several other reasons that make women unable to resist the charm of a man.
The main thing that makes women so attracted close to a man, so naturally they answer because he was able to captivate his heart.
If you want to know what criteria the man's dream woman, so it's good to follow exposure AskMen follows:
-Romantic-Man
If a man is capable of being romantic in front of the opposite sex, then he believes with the classic romance. Therefore, male romantic partner always bring flowers, chocolates, and invited to enjoy dinner in the lamplight.
Men also often called a romantic partner to show him he's always thinking. Men are often looked at the eyeball and said his love partner.
Then, why do men always desirable woman romantic? Because, like to feel valued womanhood, and romantic guy can make it happen. Not just through attitude, usually male romantic show with body language.
-Confidence-man
Men who have high self-confidence showing feeling secure and confident with herself. Usually he is assertive, have the power, and in control with itself.
In a relationship, this type of man not easily jealous fire burnt with another man who tried to approach her partner.
Why do men always coveted this type of womanhood? The answer is, that women are attracted to a man comfortable with himself. The reason is, if he feels confident, it will infect their partner.
-Men who like art
Men are pleased with the art is usually happy to do everything with spontaneous in his life. In fact, he will exert his creativity to woo women, such as writing a song about his idol's face, or describe the woman of his dreams.
Why do not men of art worthy to be rejected? Because every woman like to feel unique and special. There is no other better way to make it happen other than an inspiration for men who like art.
-Foreign-Men
It seems scary now know the man who came from different countries. However, foreign men tempt to recognize more distant, because he has a unique view of the other countries he visited.
Customs and habits of everyday is different, of course interesting to know. If you master more languages, then you have the opportunity to learn more about the figure of foreign men.
So, why a foreign man can attract a woman's heart? Apparently, the answer they have charisma. Sounds excessive, but in fact a foreign man is charismatic. Because he is a mysterious figure who berkebudayaan differ with you.
-Naughty man
Generally, men are free naughty brings his soul to follow the wind, to make women think they have been wading adventure. Men of this type are usually driving a motorcycle, or often steal work time to travel, without considering the consequences. He just walked freely along with the desire to do anything.
Every woman is always crave a little wild man. He likes the freedom that followed naughty men and expect to be asked to do so tersebut.Â
-Smart-Men
Smart man capable of dominating the conversation with intellectual stimulation and how to become listeners of women. He can provide intelligent joke because it has an interesting sense of humor. He also can make politics more interesting to discuss. Linger close to the men of this type would not have made womankind bored.
With a high intellectual, smart guy able to answer all the questions that hung in the minds of women. Therefore, this type of man has always been man's dream woman.
-Attentive-Men
Men of this type can realize her desire to be noticed. He could open the door when her partner wanted to get into the car or pull a chair when his girlfriend wanted to sit. He will pay for your dinner bill and make sure you have been eating dessert. Men are also very sensitive to the idol of his heart and always tried to make her comfortable while she was at her side.
Have you ever wondered why some men always managed to approach a woman? Apparently the answer is not only the stature six pack, but there are several other reasons that make women unable to resist the charm of a man.
The main thing that makes women so attracted close to a man, so naturally they answer because he was able to captivate his heart.
If you want to know what criteria the man's dream woman, so it's good to follow exposure AskMen follows:
-Romantic-Man
If a man is capable of being romantic in front of the opposite sex, then he believes with the classic romance. Therefore, male romantic partner always bring flowers, chocolates, and invited to enjoy dinner in the lamplight.
Men also often called a romantic partner to show him he's always thinking. Men are often looked at the eyeball and said his love partner.
Then, why do men always desirable woman romantic? Because, like to feel valued womanhood, and romantic guy can make it happen. Not just through attitude, usually male romantic show with body language.
-Confidence-man
Men who have high self-confidence showing feeling secure and confident with herself. Usually he is assertive, have the power, and in control with itself.
In a relationship, this type of man not easily jealous fire burnt with another man who tried to approach her partner.
Why do men always coveted this type of womanhood? The answer is, that women are attracted to a man comfortable with himself. The reason is, if he feels confident, it will infect their partner.
-Men who like art
Men are pleased with the art is usually happy to do everything with spontaneous in his life. In fact, he will exert his creativity to woo women, such as writing a song about his idol's face, or describe the woman of his dreams.
Why do not men of art worthy to be rejected? Because every woman like to feel unique and special. There is no other better way to make it happen other than an inspiration for men who like art.
-Foreign-Men
It seems scary now know the man who came from different countries. However, foreign men tempt to recognize more distant, because he has a unique view of the other countries he visited.
Customs and habits of everyday is different, of course interesting to know. If you master more languages, then you have the opportunity to learn more about the figure of foreign men.
So, why a foreign man can attract a woman's heart? Apparently, the answer they have charisma. Sounds excessive, but in fact a foreign man is charismatic. Because he is a mysterious figure who berkebudayaan differ with you.
-Naughty man
Generally, men are free naughty brings his soul to follow the wind, to make women think they have been wading adventure. Men of this type are usually driving a motorcycle, or often steal work time to travel, without considering the consequences. He just walked freely along with the desire to do anything.
Every woman is always crave a little wild man. He likes the freedom that followed naughty men and expect to be asked to do so tersebut.Â
-Smart-Men
Smart man capable of dominating the conversation with intellectual stimulation and how to become listeners of women. He can provide intelligent joke because it has an interesting sense of humor. He also can make politics more interesting to discuss. Linger close to the men of this type would not have made womankind bored.
With a high intellectual, smart guy able to answer all the questions that hung in the minds of women. Therefore, this type of man has always been man's dream woman.
-Attentive-Men
Men of this type can realize her desire to be noticed. He could open the door when her partner wanted to get into the car or pull a chair when his girlfriend wanted to sit. He will pay for your dinner bill and make sure you have been eating dessert. Men are also very sensitive to the idol of his heart and always tried to make her comfortable while she was at her side.
Sabtu, 09 April 2011
AURA
If we look with a relaxed and clear vision then we can look even vaguely possible that the living body (there are also non-living entities) there is a kind of layer that enveloped the color that we know by the name of AURA.
The color of the rainbow-like aura that surrounds the surface of an object (particularly living things) and the color they will be subject to change at any time depending on the mental state of people they will.
In humans Aura we can see into THREE sections.
- The first part or the part closest to the surface of the body that seemed to wrap and precisely follow the curve of the body is our twins Aura. (Also known as Aura twin Etheris).
Aura colors are mostly dark-colored or sometimes a little gray.
The two-layer lies on top or the outside is Aura part in a more or less reflects the health of the owner kankeadaan body.
-The third layer is the layer above it again or on the outside again we call the outer aura, which is very much influenced by the mental state or mystical person.
color and Meaning:
More black and interpreted as negative thoughts
More Red interpreted with anger and lust
More chocolate is defined by greed and selfishness.
More Gray interpreted with gloom and sadness atmosphere sometimes frightened.
Orange More defined by ambition.
Yellow Over interpreted by the relevant intelligence.
Nature of good Green
Blue religious feeling, devotion and noble ideals
White Showing a high level of spirituality.
The color of the rainbow-like aura that surrounds the surface of an object (particularly living things) and the color they will be subject to change at any time depending on the mental state of people they will.
In humans Aura we can see into THREE sections.
- The first part or the part closest to the surface of the body that seemed to wrap and precisely follow the curve of the body is our twins Aura. (Also known as Aura twin Etheris).
Aura colors are mostly dark-colored or sometimes a little gray.
The two-layer lies on top or the outside is Aura part in a more or less reflects the health of the owner kankeadaan body.
-The third layer is the layer above it again or on the outside again we call the outer aura, which is very much influenced by the mental state or mystical person.
color and Meaning:
More black and interpreted as negative thoughts
More Red interpreted with anger and lust
More chocolate is defined by greed and selfishness.
More Gray interpreted with gloom and sadness atmosphere sometimes frightened.
Orange More defined by ambition.
Yellow Over interpreted by the relevant intelligence.
Nature of good Green
Blue religious feeling, devotion and noble ideals
White Showing a high level of spirituality.
The meaning of white and red roses
- the meaning of the White Rose.
Purity, Secret, innocence, Respect, Respect.
One of the oldest varieties of roses and all love this ancient and modern civilizations. Another name is Rosa Alba. White Rose symbol of purity and innocence. Almost all bridal couples wore white clothes, at least at the most sacred moments in their marriage legalization. White roses perfect emblem of innocence, fidelity, and purity with a lot of hue and different nuances ± about 20 of them are easy to obtain. Ranging from pure white to shades of shades of ivory, white roses are the perfect choice for wedding bouquets, corsages, and flower dramatis.Seringkali circuits used on roses wedding because this type tends to create feelings intact and clean in a person.
- the meaning of Red Roses.
Love, Respect, Courage, Spirit, Expression Congratulations. Red roses symbolize passion and love red roses sejati.Sekuntum common sense be interpreted as disclosure ³ AkuSayang You '. Red roses also symbolize daring thoughts and expressions of congratulations. Rose is the famous varieties Cardinal, Mr. Lincoln (an old red and very fragrant), and Dark Red Rose Tea Madame Delbrand, and How to Mia (Dark Red)
Definition of E-COMMERCE
Trade is actually a human activity carried out since the beginning of civilization. In line with human development, ways and means used to trade constantly changing. Form a new trade today is increasingly allows users to e-commerce. What creature was actually an e-commerce, how it can be easier for users, and its importance will be discussed in this paper.
Understanding E-Commerce
Electronic Commerce (Electronic Commerce), as part of Electronic Business (business conducted using electronic transmission), by experts and business people try formulated definition. In general e-commerce can be defined as any form of trade transactions / commercial goods or services (trade of goods and services) using electronic media. Clearly, apart from those mentioned above, that these commercial activities are part of business activity. In conclusion, "e-commerce is a part of e-business."
Electronic media are discussed in this paper for a while just focused in terms of media use the Internet. Because the use of internetlah most popular currently used by many people, besides the things that could be categorized as being 'boom'. It should be underlined, with the development of technology in the future, opens the possibility of the use of network medium other than the Internet in e-commerce. So our thinking not be absorbed in the use of internet media alone.
Use of the Internet was chosen by most people today because of easiness that is owned by the Internet network, namely:
Internet as a public network is very large (huge / widespread network), as owned by a public electronic network, that is cheap, quick and easy access.
Using electronic data as a medium for the delivery of messages / data so it can be done sending and receiving information in a simple and concise, whether in the form of analog and digital electronic data.
From what has been described above, in other words, in e-commerce, the parties conducting the trade / commerce related only through a public network (public network) in the latest developments using the Internet media.
E-commerce is business activities involving consumers (consumers), manufacturing (manufactures), service providers and brokers (intermediaries) by using computer networks (computer networks), namely the Internet.
Julian Ding in his book E-commerce: Law & Practice, suggests that e-commerce as a concept that can not be defined. E-commerce has different meanings to different people.
Meanwhile, Onno W. Purbo Wahyudi and Aang who cite his opinion David Baum, said that: "e-commerce is a dynamic set of technologies, aplications, and business procces that link enterprises, consumers, and communities through electronic transactions and the electronic exchange of goods, services, and information ". That e-commerce is a dynamic set of technologies, applications and business processes that connect businesses, consumers and communities through electronic transactions and trade in goods, services and information that will be conducted electronically.
E-commerce is used as a business transaction between the company and that one with another company, between companies and customers (customer), or between companies and institutions engaged in public service. If classified, e-commerce system is divided into three types of applications, namely:
· Electronic Markets (EMS).
EMS is a tool that uses information and communication technology to perform / present the offer in a market segment, so that buyers can compare a variety of prices offered. In another sense, the EMS is an inter-organizational information systems that provide facilities for the sellers and buyers to exchange information about prices and products offered. EMS facility gains for the customer is more realistic and efficient in terms of time. As for sellers, it can distribute information about products and services offered by more quickly so as to attract more customers.
· Electronic Data Interchange (EDI).
EDI is a means to streamline data exchange transactions are repeated regularly in large numbers between commercial organizations.
EDI formally defined by the International Data Exchange Association (IDEA) as "transfer of structured data with a standard format agreed by from one computer system to other computer systems using electronic media."
EDI is widely used, usually used by large groups of retail trade when conducting business with their suppliers.
EDI is a standardized coding transactions, so that commercial organizations can communicate directly from one computer system that one into another computer system without the need for hardcopy, invoices, and to avoid delays, errors are not intentional in the handling of files and intervention from humans.
Advantages of using EDI are booking a short time, reduce costs, reduce errors, get a quick response, fast delivery and accurate invoicing and payment can be done electronically.
· Internet Commerce.
Internet commerce is the use of internet-based technology
information and communication for trade. These commercial activities such as advertising in the sale of products and services. Transactions that can be done on the internet, among others, ordering / purchase of goods where the goods will be sent by mail or other means after the money transferred into the seller's account.
Use of the Internet as a medium for marketing and sales channels proved to have the advantage, among others, for certain products are better suited offered via the Internet; cheaper price considering creating a site on the internet cheaper cost compared to open retail outlets in various places, the internet is a media promotions company
and the most appropriate product with a relatively cheaper price, and purchase over the Internet will be followed by the service delivery of goods arrive at the customer.
Characteristics of E-Commerce.
Unlike ordinary trading transactions, e-commerce transactions has some very special characteristics, namely:
Transactions without boundaries
Before the Internet era, the boundaries of geography be a barrier of a company or individual who wants to go-international. Thus, only companies or individuals with large capital to market its products outside of this negeri.Dewasa with small and medium sized internet entrepreneur to market their products internationally simply by creating a web site or by placing ads on Internet sites without a time limit (24 hours ), and of course customers from all over the world can access the site and conduct transactions on line.
Transactions anonymous
The seller and buyer in the transaction via the internet does not have to meet face to each other. Sellers do not need the name of the purchaser in respect of payment has been authorized by the provider payment system that is determined, usually by credit card.
Digital and non digital products
Digital products such as computer software, music and other products that is digital can be marketed through the internet by downloading electronically. In the development of objects offered via the Internet is also included items other necessities of life.
Items of intangible goods
Many companies engaged in e-commercen to offer intangible goods separti data, software and ideas that are sold through the internet.
Implementation of e-commerce in the industrial world are becoming increasingly widespread application not only change the atmosphere of competition becomes increasingly dynamic and global, but has formed a separate community called the Community of Electronic Business (Electronic Business Community). This community take advantage of cyberspace as a place to meet, communicate, and coordinate this intense use of media and telecommunication infrastructure and information technology in performing daily activities. Just as in traditional societies, meetings between various parties with diverse interests naturally has set up a meeting place for its own market demand (demand) and supply (supply). Transactions that occur between demand and supply can easily be done even if the concerned are in different geographic side because of the progress and development of information technology, which in this case is an e-commerce technology.
In general e-commerce can diklasifasikan into two types, namely: Business to Business (B2B) and Business to Consumer (B2C).
Business to Business (B2B) is a business communications systems on-line businesses, while the Business to Consumer (B2C) is a mechanism for on-line store (electronic shopping mall), ie transactions between e-merchants with e-customers
In the Business to Business transactions are generally done by the trading partners who knew each other with the data format agreed. While in the Business to Customer are open to the public, so that each individual can access via a web server. In this study, hereafter to be discussed is the Business to
Customer.
The mechanism of E-Commerce.
Electronic transactions between e-merchants (those who offer goods or services via the internet) with e-customers (those who buy goods or services via the internet) that occur in cyberspace or on the internet in general take place in a paperless transaction, while the documents used in the transaction is not a paper document, but documents
electronic (digital document).
Contracts on line in e-commerce by Cavanillas and A. Santiago Martines Nadal, as quoted by Arsyad Sanusi has many types and variations which are:
Contract through the chat and video conferencing;
Contract via e-mail;
Contract through the web or site.
Chat and Video Conference is a communication tool provided by the Internet is used for interactive dialogue directly. With someone to chat to communicate directly with other people just like the phone, only through chat communication is written or read a statement on each computer.
As the name implies, video conferencing is a tool for talking with several parties with a view pictures and hear the voice of those directly contacted by the appliance. Thus do the contract by using chat and video conferencing services can be conducted directly between parties by using the means of computer or television monitor.
Contract via e-mail is one of the on-line contracts are very popular because of e-mail users is currently very much and worldwide with very cheap cost and time efficient. To obtain an e-mail address can be done by registering themselves to the service provider free e-mail or by registering as a subscriber on a particular server or ISP. Contract e-mail may be sent to a person offering or
to many people who are members of a mailing list, and the acceptance and receipt of all notifications sent via e-mail.
In addition, e-mail contract with the supply of goods can be delivered through Web sites that post a bid, while the reception is done via e-mail.
Contract through the web can be done by a supplier web site (both located on the server supplier or placed on third party servers) have a description of your products or services and a series of pages that are self-contraction, which can be used to make the contract itself, which enables Web visitors to order products or services.
The consumer must provide personal information and must include credit card numbers.
Furthermore, the mechanism is as follows:
- For products on line in the form of software, buyers are allowed to download it;
- For physical tangible products, delivery of goods carried to the home consumer;
- To purchase services, the supplier provides to serve consumers in accordance with the time and place specified in the agreement.
The mechanism of electronic transactions with e-commerce began with the offering of a particular product by the seller (eg domiciled in the USA) at a site through a server located in Indonesia (eg detik.com). If the Indonesian consumers make purchases, the consumer will fill mail orders that have been provided by the sellers.
sumber : http://www.binushacker.net
Understanding E-Commerce
Electronic Commerce (Electronic Commerce), as part of Electronic Business (business conducted using electronic transmission), by experts and business people try formulated definition. In general e-commerce can be defined as any form of trade transactions / commercial goods or services (trade of goods and services) using electronic media. Clearly, apart from those mentioned above, that these commercial activities are part of business activity. In conclusion, "e-commerce is a part of e-business."
Electronic media are discussed in this paper for a while just focused in terms of media use the Internet. Because the use of internetlah most popular currently used by many people, besides the things that could be categorized as being 'boom'. It should be underlined, with the development of technology in the future, opens the possibility of the use of network medium other than the Internet in e-commerce. So our thinking not be absorbed in the use of internet media alone.
Use of the Internet was chosen by most people today because of easiness that is owned by the Internet network, namely:
Internet as a public network is very large (huge / widespread network), as owned by a public electronic network, that is cheap, quick and easy access.
Using electronic data as a medium for the delivery of messages / data so it can be done sending and receiving information in a simple and concise, whether in the form of analog and digital electronic data.
From what has been described above, in other words, in e-commerce, the parties conducting the trade / commerce related only through a public network (public network) in the latest developments using the Internet media.
E-commerce is business activities involving consumers (consumers), manufacturing (manufactures), service providers and brokers (intermediaries) by using computer networks (computer networks), namely the Internet.
Julian Ding in his book E-commerce: Law & Practice, suggests that e-commerce as a concept that can not be defined. E-commerce has different meanings to different people.
Meanwhile, Onno W. Purbo Wahyudi and Aang who cite his opinion David Baum, said that: "e-commerce is a dynamic set of technologies, aplications, and business procces that link enterprises, consumers, and communities through electronic transactions and the electronic exchange of goods, services, and information ". That e-commerce is a dynamic set of technologies, applications and business processes that connect businesses, consumers and communities through electronic transactions and trade in goods, services and information that will be conducted electronically.
E-commerce is used as a business transaction between the company and that one with another company, between companies and customers (customer), or between companies and institutions engaged in public service. If classified, e-commerce system is divided into three types of applications, namely:
· Electronic Markets (EMS).
EMS is a tool that uses information and communication technology to perform / present the offer in a market segment, so that buyers can compare a variety of prices offered. In another sense, the EMS is an inter-organizational information systems that provide facilities for the sellers and buyers to exchange information about prices and products offered. EMS facility gains for the customer is more realistic and efficient in terms of time. As for sellers, it can distribute information about products and services offered by more quickly so as to attract more customers.
· Electronic Data Interchange (EDI).
EDI is a means to streamline data exchange transactions are repeated regularly in large numbers between commercial organizations.
EDI formally defined by the International Data Exchange Association (IDEA) as "transfer of structured data with a standard format agreed by from one computer system to other computer systems using electronic media."
EDI is widely used, usually used by large groups of retail trade when conducting business with their suppliers.
EDI is a standardized coding transactions, so that commercial organizations can communicate directly from one computer system that one into another computer system without the need for hardcopy, invoices, and to avoid delays, errors are not intentional in the handling of files and intervention from humans.
Advantages of using EDI are booking a short time, reduce costs, reduce errors, get a quick response, fast delivery and accurate invoicing and payment can be done electronically.
· Internet Commerce.
Internet commerce is the use of internet-based technology
information and communication for trade. These commercial activities such as advertising in the sale of products and services. Transactions that can be done on the internet, among others, ordering / purchase of goods where the goods will be sent by mail or other means after the money transferred into the seller's account.
Use of the Internet as a medium for marketing and sales channels proved to have the advantage, among others, for certain products are better suited offered via the Internet; cheaper price considering creating a site on the internet cheaper cost compared to open retail outlets in various places, the internet is a media promotions company
and the most appropriate product with a relatively cheaper price, and purchase over the Internet will be followed by the service delivery of goods arrive at the customer.
Characteristics of E-Commerce.
Unlike ordinary trading transactions, e-commerce transactions has some very special characteristics, namely:
Transactions without boundaries
Before the Internet era, the boundaries of geography be a barrier of a company or individual who wants to go-international. Thus, only companies or individuals with large capital to market its products outside of this negeri.Dewasa with small and medium sized internet entrepreneur to market their products internationally simply by creating a web site or by placing ads on Internet sites without a time limit (24 hours ), and of course customers from all over the world can access the site and conduct transactions on line.
Transactions anonymous
The seller and buyer in the transaction via the internet does not have to meet face to each other. Sellers do not need the name of the purchaser in respect of payment has been authorized by the provider payment system that is determined, usually by credit card.
Digital and non digital products
Digital products such as computer software, music and other products that is digital can be marketed through the internet by downloading electronically. In the development of objects offered via the Internet is also included items other necessities of life.
Items of intangible goods
Many companies engaged in e-commercen to offer intangible goods separti data, software and ideas that are sold through the internet.
Implementation of e-commerce in the industrial world are becoming increasingly widespread application not only change the atmosphere of competition becomes increasingly dynamic and global, but has formed a separate community called the Community of Electronic Business (Electronic Business Community). This community take advantage of cyberspace as a place to meet, communicate, and coordinate this intense use of media and telecommunication infrastructure and information technology in performing daily activities. Just as in traditional societies, meetings between various parties with diverse interests naturally has set up a meeting place for its own market demand (demand) and supply (supply). Transactions that occur between demand and supply can easily be done even if the concerned are in different geographic side because of the progress and development of information technology, which in this case is an e-commerce technology.
In general e-commerce can diklasifasikan into two types, namely: Business to Business (B2B) and Business to Consumer (B2C).
Business to Business (B2B) is a business communications systems on-line businesses, while the Business to Consumer (B2C) is a mechanism for on-line store (electronic shopping mall), ie transactions between e-merchants with e-customers
In the Business to Business transactions are generally done by the trading partners who knew each other with the data format agreed. While in the Business to Customer are open to the public, so that each individual can access via a web server. In this study, hereafter to be discussed is the Business to
Customer.
The mechanism of E-Commerce.
Electronic transactions between e-merchants (those who offer goods or services via the internet) with e-customers (those who buy goods or services via the internet) that occur in cyberspace or on the internet in general take place in a paperless transaction, while the documents used in the transaction is not a paper document, but documents
electronic (digital document).
Contracts on line in e-commerce by Cavanillas and A. Santiago Martines Nadal, as quoted by Arsyad Sanusi has many types and variations which are:
Contract through the chat and video conferencing;
Contract via e-mail;
Contract through the web or site.
Chat and Video Conference is a communication tool provided by the Internet is used for interactive dialogue directly. With someone to chat to communicate directly with other people just like the phone, only through chat communication is written or read a statement on each computer.
As the name implies, video conferencing is a tool for talking with several parties with a view pictures and hear the voice of those directly contacted by the appliance. Thus do the contract by using chat and video conferencing services can be conducted directly between parties by using the means of computer or television monitor.
Contract via e-mail is one of the on-line contracts are very popular because of e-mail users is currently very much and worldwide with very cheap cost and time efficient. To obtain an e-mail address can be done by registering themselves to the service provider free e-mail or by registering as a subscriber on a particular server or ISP. Contract e-mail may be sent to a person offering or
to many people who are members of a mailing list, and the acceptance and receipt of all notifications sent via e-mail.
In addition, e-mail contract with the supply of goods can be delivered through Web sites that post a bid, while the reception is done via e-mail.
Contract through the web can be done by a supplier web site (both located on the server supplier or placed on third party servers) have a description of your products or services and a series of pages that are self-contraction, which can be used to make the contract itself, which enables Web visitors to order products or services.
The consumer must provide personal information and must include credit card numbers.
Furthermore, the mechanism is as follows:
- For products on line in the form of software, buyers are allowed to download it;
- For physical tangible products, delivery of goods carried to the home consumer;
- To purchase services, the supplier provides to serve consumers in accordance with the time and place specified in the agreement.
The mechanism of electronic transactions with e-commerce began with the offering of a particular product by the seller (eg domiciled in the USA) at a site through a server located in Indonesia (eg detik.com). If the Indonesian consumers make purchases, the consumer will fill mail orders that have been provided by the sellers.
sumber : http://www.binushacker.net
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